the business cycle

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Domanda Risposta
konsumpcja
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consumption or consuming
oszczędność
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saving
inwestycja lub inwestowanie
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investment or investing
the total market value of all the goods and services produced in a country during a given period
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gross domestic product (GDP)
GDP plus income from foreign investments
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gross national product (GNP)
to hire a new worker
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take on
zwolnić
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lay off
production
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output
a period during which economy is expanding
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upturn/upswing (lasts several years - ECONOMIC BOOM)
reach a its highest point
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reach a peak
downturn/downswing/period of contraction
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downturn that lasts >6 months is called recession; big downswing or one that lasts long = depression or a slump)
the lowest point of the business cycle (economic activity is at its lowest)
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trough
kredyt hipoteczny
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mortgage
na ogół być
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to tend to be
popyt/żądanie
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demand
skurczyć gospodarkę
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make the economy contract
pobudzić gospodarkę
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boost or stimulate economy
wydatek
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expenditure
zwiększyć podaż pieniądza
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to increase money supply
przewyższać
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to exceed
dotrzeć do dołka/dna
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reach a trough/bottom out
reduced spending; increased taxation; higher interest rates (after alection; political business cycle)
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policy of austerity
zatrudniać, rekrutować, mianować, zatrudniać, angażować
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hire, recruit, appoint, employ, engage
zwolnić, zwolnić, zwolnić, zwolnić, zwolnić, powiadomić
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fire, let go, make redundant, dismiss, sack, give notice to
relating to government revenues (przychody) and expenditures
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fiscal policy
economy expanding too quickly (demand>supply)
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to overheat
pracować na pełnych obrotach zdolności produkcyjnej
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to work a full capacity
that cannot be continued or maintained in the long term
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unsustainable investments
bezpośrednie lub pośrednie stawki podatkowe
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direct or indirect tax rates
changing interest rates and the level of money supply
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monetary policy
to counteract the business cycle by way of governmental intervention in the econ
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Keynesianism
przeciwnie/ na odwrót
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on the contrary
portion of the economy composed of all level of governments and governments controlled enterprises
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public sector
osłabić, zmniejszyć
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to diminish
sektor prywatny
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private sector
moving in the opposite direction to the current state
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countercyclical fiscal policies
zaledwie
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merely
sharp increase in high-risk mortgagaes that went into default (nieuiszczenie należności)
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subprime crisis (meltdown)
make/get bigger
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boost, expand, grow, increase, inflate, raise, rise
make/get smaller
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cut, decrease, fall, lower, reduce
stymulować / pobudzać
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to stimulate
uspokoić się
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to cool down
kryzys, zastój
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slump
program oszczędnościowy
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austerity program
shocks like wars
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black swans
everyone (even not creditable ones) has credit
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overexpansion of credit
few people have access to credit
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credit crunch
papiery wartościowe
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securities/utilities
akcje
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bonds
prices are expected to fall
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a bull (bullish)
prices are expected to rise
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a bear (bearish)
investors who buy when the share price is lower than company is really worth
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value investors
cykliczny
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cyclical
stały, ciągły
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steady
nagle
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abruptly
przerwane przez
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punctuated by
peaks and troughs
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up and downs
wariacje, odmiany
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variations
samonapędzające się procesy niezrównażowego wzrostu/ spadku cens
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speculative bubbles
zamieszania polityczne
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political upheavals
nieuniknione
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inevitable
głównie, w zasadzie
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principally
mądrzy inwestorzy
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wise investors

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