Criminal Law (duhaime. org)

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Domanda Risposta
Abduction
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To take someone away from a place without that person's consent, or by fraud
Aberemurder
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A spontaneous and gratuitous murder
Aberratio Ictus
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Latin: the accidental harm to a person; eg perpetrator aims at X but by chance or lack of skill hits Y
Abet
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Encouraging or inciting another to do a certain thing, such as a crime
Abortion
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The expulsion of a fetus from the uterus before it is viable
Absolute Discharge
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A sentence of a person guilty of a crime in which the accused is deemed to have not been convicted. In bankruptcy law, to be fully absolved of former debts and the status of bankrupt
Absolute Liability
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Offences in which it is not open to a person to avoid liability on the ground that she or he acted under a reasonable mistake of fact which, if the facts had been as the accused believed them to be, would have made his act innocent
Abstract Instruction
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An instruction given to a jury which though correct in law, is irrelevant
Abuse
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Physical or nonphysical misuse or maltreatment or use or treatment so as to injure, hurt, or damage
Accessory
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Persons who aid or abet the principal offender in the commission of the offence, before or after
Accomplice
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Person(s) that aids, abets, advises, or encourages the commission of the crime
Accusare Nemo Se Debet Nisi Coram Deo
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Latin: no man is obliged to accusehimself except before God
Accusation
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The formal criminal charge against a person which specifies the essential ingredients in regards to the alleged offence such as time and place and the relevant reference to the criminal law allegedly breached
Accused
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A person to whom a formal information containing an allegation of a criminal offence has been delivered, or a person arrested for a criminal offence
Acquittal
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A decision by a judge that a person accused of a crime is not guilty
Active Euthanasia
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The taking of active measures to cut short the life of a terminally ill patient
Actus Reus
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Latin: a prohibited act
Actus Reus Non Facit Reum Nisi Mens Sit Rea
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Latin: conviction of a crime requires proof of a criminal act and intent
Administration of Justice
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The personnel, activity and structure of the justice system - courts and police - in the detection, investigation, apprehension, interviewing and trial of persons suspected of crime
Affray
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A fight between two or more persons in a public place so as to cause terror to the public
Aggression
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Unjustified use of force against the territorial integrity of another state
Air of Reality Test
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A pre-requisite test against which a proposed defence to a criminal charge is weighed; that any proposed defence must at least have an evidential foundation
Alibi
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A defence to a criminal charge to the effect that the accused was elsewhere than at the scene of the alleged crime
Alternative Measures
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Canada; a much lighter disposition of a criminal charge regarding an adult accused who would be prepared to plead guilty and which does not result in a criminal record or incarceration but instead usually results in a mild penalty such as community service, an apology to the victim or counseling
Amnesty
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A general pardon extended by the government to those persons facing prosecution for, or convicted of specified criminal offences
Animus Furandi
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Latin: an intent to do wrong
Antisocial Personality Disorder
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A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others
Apostacy
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The ancient criminal offence of atheism or not being Christian, or of denying the doctrines of a state religion
Approver
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A person who confesses a felony and confesses an accomplice
Arbuckle Rights
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The right of an accused to be sentenced by the judge who took his guilty plea
Armed Robbery
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Robbery committed while the person accused is armed with a dangerous weapon
Arraignment
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The formal appearance of an accused person to hear, and to receive a copy of, the charge against him or her, in the presence of a judge, and to then enter a plea of guilty or not guilty
Arrest
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The detainment or restraint of a person or thing for the purposes of determining legal rights as regards a thing, or suspicion of criminal activity as regards a person
Arson
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The intentional setting of a fire to a building
Assault
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The touching of another person with an intent to harm, without that person's consent
Assisted Suicide
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An attempt to take one's own life with the intentional assistance of another person
Attaint of Blood
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The additional personal penalties imposed on the estate of an individual convicted of high treason
Automatism
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An act done by a person who is not conscious of what he is doing
Autrefois Acquit
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Previously acquitted; an accused cannot be tried for a crime because the record shows he has already been subjected to trial for the same conduct and was acquitted
Bail
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The pledge of cash or property to secure the release of a thing or person which would otherwise be held in custody
Bailiff
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A person acting with legal authority in the seizure of personal property; and, also, the official in each courtroom who attends to security within
Barrator
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A person who, on more than one occasion, incites litigation or spreads false rumours
Barratry
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An intentional wrongful act committed by the crew or master of a ship to the prejudice of the owner or the charterer
Battered Woman Syndrome
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A species of self-defence to manslaughter or murder in which expert evidence is led to demonstrate that a female defendant in an abusive relationship comes to believe that to save herself she must kill her husband first
Battering Cycle
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A three-phase cycle of violent behavior within a spousal relationship
Battery
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Offensive and intentional contact, direct or indirect, which causes injury
Bawdy House
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A brothel; an establishment of ill repute - within which occur acts of prostitution or lewd sex
Bench
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A judge in court session
Bigamy
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Being married to more than one person at the same time; a criminal offence in most jurisdictions
Bill of Attainder
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Conviction and sentence to death directly by statute, as opposed to resulting from trial
Blasphemy
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The scurrilous, deriding or intemperate expression of dissent or criticism of God or a state's official religion
Blue Ribbon Jury
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A jury consisting of highly qualified persons
Bootlegging
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The making of an unauthorized copy of a commercially unreleased performance
Booze Can
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An establishment wherein liquor is sold without a permit and after legal bar hours
Brady Rule
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The suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or punishment
Break and Enter
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A burglary; to break and enter onto another's premises, land or real property with the intent to there commit a crime, most typically theft
Breathalyzer
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A device which records alcohol impairment
Bribery
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A secret payment to a public officer in exchange for preferential treatment
Buggery
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Synonymous with sodomy and referring to 'unnatural' sex acts, including copulation, either between two persons of the same sex or between a person and an animal
Bullying
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Repeated, persistent and aggressive behaviour intended to cause fear, distress, or harm to another person's body, emotions, self-esteem or reputation
Burden of Proof
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A rule of evidence that makes a person prove a certain thing or the contrary will be assumed by the court
Burglary
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Breaking and entering a residence for the intention of committing a crime or while lawfully within, commit a crime and to thereafter break out
Capital Offence
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A criminal offence for which the punishment, or one of the punishments, is death, capital punishment
Capital Punishment
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The most severe of all sentences: that of death
Carrier's Case
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A monumental 1473 English case which extended the offence of theft (then called larceny) to include a carrier of goods who, initially lawfully in possession, converts goods to his own use
Car Ringing
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The movement of stolen vehicles through to sale to unsuspecting new purchasers
Cartel
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An agreement between two or more merchants to create or control a monopoly, to lessen or prevent competition
Causation
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The cause and effect relationship between an act or omission and damages alleged in a tort or personal injury action
Challenge for Cause
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A challenge of a prospective juror for which the cause is disclosed by the challenging party (or their lawyer), and submitted to the Court for decision
Chaste
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A person who has never voluntarily had sexual intercourse outside of marriage such as unmarried virgins
Circumstantial Evidence
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Evidence which may allow a judge or jury to deduce a certain fact from other facts which have been proven
Citation
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An order of a court to either do a certain thing or to appear before it to answer charges
Citizen Informant
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An ordinary citizen who has witnessed a crime and then reports it to law enforcement officials
Citizen's Arrest
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Detainment of a person suspected of having committed a crime, by a person other than a police officer
Clandestine
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Something purposely kept from the view or knowledge of others either in violation of the law or to conduct or conceal some illegal purpose
Collusion
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A secret agreement between two or more persons, who seem to have conflicting interests, to abuse the law or the legal system, deceive a court or to defraud a third party
Common Law
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Judge-declared law, Law which exists and applies to a group on the basis of customs and legal precedents developed over hundreds of years in Britain
Common Scold
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The now extinct offence of an angry woman who, by brawling and wrangling amongst her neighbours, disturbs the public peace
Community Custody
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The serving of part of an offender's confinement served in the community while the offender is strictly monitored
Commutation
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The reduction of a sentence by the government
Competency
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An individual's ability to understand the nature and object of legal proceedings being presented, and to consult with counsel
Complicated Design Evidence
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Circumstantial proof of deliberation in a first degree murder case, that in the absence of evidence of planning, the complicated manner of the crime shows that the murder could not have been spur-of-the-moment
Complicity
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Accountable for a criminal offense committed by another due to previous knowledge of other's crime
Concurrent Sentence
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A sentence which runs with another
Conditional Discharge
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A sentence of a person found guilty of a crime in which upon completion of specified actions by the accused, no criminal record issues as regards the offense for which a conditional discharge was granted
Conditional Sentence
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A sentence of a person convicted of a crime which allow that person to serve his sentence whilst continuing to reside within his/her community, subject to supervision and reporting, and fully recoverable in the event of breach of those conditions
Confession
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A statement made by a person suspected or charged with a crime, that he (or she) did, in fact, commit that crime
Confrontation Clause
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The constitutional guarantee in the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution which requires that an accused person have the right to be confronted with the witnesses against him
Consanguinity
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Common blood, descendants of a same common ancestor
Consecutive Sentences
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Sentences which run one after the other
Conspiracy
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An agreement between two or more persons to commit a criminal act
Consultation Circle
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A group of individuals from the accused's community who participate in a forum and discuss the offender and the crime with a view to advising the judge as to sentence
Contempt of Court
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Conduct that is disobedient, obstructive or contemptuous to the Court
Contraband
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An item the possession or production of which in itself is a crime
Conviction
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The formal decision of a criminal trial which finds the accused guilty
Copulation
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Sexual intercourse
Corbett Application
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Canada: an application by an accused to exclude a prior criminal record from the knowledge of the jury
Coroner
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A public official who holds an inquiry into violent or suspicious deaths
Corporal Punishment
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A punishment for some violation of conduct which involves the infliction of pain on, or harm to the body
Corpus Delicti
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Latin: the body of the offense
Corrective Force
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Force used upon those over which an individual generally has guardian responsibilities, used to remove a dependent from a particular situation or to secure compliance with instructions
Court Martial
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A military court set up to try and punish offenses taken by members of the army, navy or air force
Crack
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Street name for a form of cocaine base, usually prepared by processing cocaine hydrochloride and sodium bicarbonate, and usually appearing in a lumpy, rocklike form
Crime
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An act or omission which is prohibited by criminal law and punished, usually by fine or imprisonment
Crimen Omnia Ex Se Nata Vitiat
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Latin: property obtained by crime is tainted (vitiated)
Crimes Against Humanity
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An international criminal justice offence; the perpetration of acts of war upon a civilian, non-soldier population
Criminal Bankruptcy
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The forced bankruptcy of a convicted person
Criminal Code
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A statute which purports or attempts to set out all prohibited or criminal offences, and their various punishments
Criminal Contempt
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Contumacious behaviour or behaviour which tends to publicly depreciate the authority of the court or the administration of justice
Criminal Conversation
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Criminal conversation: synonymous with adultery
Criminal Harassment
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Unsolicited annoying, alarming or abusive conduct or words which are threatening
Criminal Law
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That body of the law that deals with conduct considered so harmful to society as a whole that it is prohibited by statute, prosecuted and punished by the government
Criminal Libel
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A criminal offence; deliberate publication of defamatory lies which the publisher knows to be false
Criminal Negligence
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Reckless disregard for the lives or safety of other persons
Criminal Organization
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Members of a group of three of more persons involved in organized crime
Crown
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The English Monarch, where she is the symbolic head of state
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
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Punishments which involve unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain
Cruelty
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Conduct that causes bodily or mental injury, or apprehension to such injury, to a person or an animal, without legitimate purpose
Cucking Stool
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A medieval form of punishment; a chair in which was restrained an offender
Curfew
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A sentence or bail condition that gives the individual the freedom to move about in the community so long as they return to their residence for the hours specified (often 9 pm to 7 am)
Custody
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Charge and control of a person or item of property
Cyber-bullying
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Using the Internet to support deliberate, repeated and hostile behaviour by an individual or group that is intended to harm someone else
Dangerous Driving
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The operating of a motor vehicle in a manner which has as one of its inherent qualities the exposure of the public to harm or injury
Dangerous Offender
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A person convicted of serious crimes and who is likely to re-offend
Danger to Society
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Where an offender would engage in conduct, the consequences of which would be grave or serious for society
Deadly Force
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Force which creates a substantial risk of causing death or serious bodily injury
Death
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Irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions and of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem
Death Penalty
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A sentence of death imposed on a convicted criminal
Deceit
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Willful or reckless misrepresentation or concealment of material facts with an intent to mislead
Defence of Habitation
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The right to use lethal force to prevent a felony committed within a person's home
Defendant
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The individual, company or organization who defends a legal action taken by a plaintiff and against whom the court has been asked to order damages or specific corrective action redress some type of unlawful or improper action alleged by the plaintiff
Defense Attorney or Defence Counsel
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Lawyers who represent persons facing criminal charges
Deficient
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USA constitutional law: the substandard performance of an attorney
Defile
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To corrupt the integrity of a thing
Deliberate
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An act which is neither sudden nor rash and for which an individual considered the probable consequences beforehand
Deliberate Ignorance
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Willful blindness to criminal activity
Deliberate Indifference
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Ignoring a situation known to exist
De Minimis Non Curat Lex
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Latin: a common law principle whereby judges will not sit in judgment of extremely minor transgressions of the law
Denunciation
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A principle of sentencing in criminal law; that the sentence send a clear message to the general public that the offence is serious and the punishment just
Deportation
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The removal of a foreign national under immigration laws for reasons such as illegal entry or conduct dangerous to the public welfare
Depraved Heart Murder
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Where an individual under circumstances evincing a depraved indifference to human life, recklessly engaged in conduct which created a grave risk of death to another person, and thereby caused the death of another person
Depravity of Mind
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A degree of moral turpitude and psychical debasement associated with a crime such as repeated and excessive acts of physical abuse or unreasonably brutality or outrageously and wantonly vile, horrible, and inhuman
Desuetude
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The exceptional doctrine of judicial abrogation of a criminal statute where there has been a long period of non-enforcement
Detention
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The exercise of an element of physical constraint of an individual
Deterrence
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A principle or objective of sentencing a person guilty of a crime which ensures that the punishment is sufficient to deter the guilty person, and others, from committing the same crime
Diplomatic Immunity
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Immunity extended to diplomat officers from criminal and civil jurisdiction of their host state
Directed Verdict
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When the Court stops a trial determining that an essential fact has not been proven
Discharge
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A sentence of a person found guilty of a crime in which that person does not receive a criminal record of conviction, either absolutely or conditionally
Disorderly House
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A place where acts prohibited by statute are habitually indulged in or permitted
District Attorney
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A lawyer in the USA charged with prosecution of criminal charges on behalf of the government
Diyya
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Muslim law: the payment by an aggressor to his victim of a sum of money to thus avoid a retaliation punishment ("kisas")
DNA
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Abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid, A chromosome molecule which carries genetic coding unique to each person with the only exception of identical twins (that is why it is also called 'DNA fingerprinting')
Doctrine of Specialty
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A typical requirement in extradition: that the receiving state not prosecute the individual being extradicted but for the offence for which extradition was sought
Dolus Directus
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When an accused is taken to have objectively foreseen the consequences of his/her act
Dolus Eventualis
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Awareness of the likely outcome of an action
Domestic Violence
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An assault or battery upon another member of a family or, in some jurisdictions, threatening words
Double-Blind Photographic Identification
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The presentation of an array of photos to a crime victim for the purposes of identifying the perpetrator, by an officer neither involved in the investigation nor aware of who the suspect is
Double Jeopardy
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A prohibition against being tried or sentenced twice for the same offense
Doyle Rule
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(USA) A rule of criminal process that the use for impeachment purposes of a defendant's silence, at the time of arrest and after receiving Miranda warnings, violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
Dual Criminality
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A typical requirement of extradition treaties: that the conduct alleged constitute a crime in both the demanding and the delivering state
Dual Sovereignty Doctrine
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A maxim of law which allows the double prosecution of a person by more than one state for the same crime, where both states have jurisdiction for the prosecution, and notwithstanding the double jeopardy rule
Ducking Stool
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A contraption of medieval English justice comprised of a chair in which a convict was affixed and then immersed repeatedly into a body of water
Due Process
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Fundamental procedural legal safeguards of which every citizen has an absolute right when a state or court purports to take a decision that could affect any right of that citizen
Dwelling
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A place to live in
Dying Declaration
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Exception to the hearsay rule: a statement of fact made by a dying victim relating to the cause and circumstances of a homicide
Eavesdroppers
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Those convicted of the obsolete offence of intentional, covert and direct listening-in to another's conversations, and the subsequent use of the contents thereof to disturb the peace
Eighth Amendment
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US constitutional amendment that prohibits "excessive bail (or) fines (and) cruel and unusual punishment" Electronic Monitoring= Electronic or telecommunications systems used to track and supervise the locations of individuals
Embezzle
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The illegal transfer of money or property that, although possessed legally by the embezzler, is covertly and fraudulently converted to the embezzler's own property
Embracery
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Improper influence on a juror
Empanel
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Also, "impanel"; the official call to duty of a jury, usually as called by the clerk of the Court in which the jury is to act, and just before the jurors are sworn in
Entrapment
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The inducement, by law enforcement officers or their agents, of another person to commit a crime for the purposes of bringing charges for the commission of that artificially-provoked crime
Error In Objecto
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A mistake by a perpetrator as to the identity of the victim; an error as to the object of his act
Euthanasia
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The putting to death, by painless method, of a terminally-ill or severely debilitated person
Exculpate
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That which excuses from fault; justifies a wrong action
Excusable Homicide
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The accidental or self-defence killing of another person
Expunge
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To remove permanently; to cancel
Ex Rel
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Latin: on the relation of, or the information of
Extortion
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Forcing a person to give up property in a thing through the use of violence, fear or under pretense of authority
Extradition
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The arrest and delivery of a fugitive wanted for a crime committed in another country, usually under the terms of a extradition treaty
Extradition Crime
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Conduct which is a crime in both the state seeking extradition and the state extraditing
Facial Mapping
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An identification technique which distinguishes unique facial characteristics of an individual
Faint Hope Clause
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Canada criminal law: a term in a 25 year prison term that salvages a remote possibility that the individual may be paroled prior to the full completion of the term of incarceration
False Arrest
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The intentional and total confinement of a person against his will without lawful justification
False Imprisonment
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Intentional and total imprisonment of a person against his or her will and without lawful justification
Felonious Homicide
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The killing of a human being without justification or excuse
Felony
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A serious crime for which the traditional punishment is prison for more than a year, or death
Fifth Amendment
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A US Constitution article which provides fundamental rights in regards to legal process such as the immunity in regards to self incrimination
First Degree Murder
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The unlawful killing of another human being with malice, premeditation and deliberation
Forgery
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The making of a false document knowing it to be false with intent that it should be used or acted on as genuine to the prejudice of another
Fourth Amendment
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US constitutional protection against unreasonable search or arrest
Frankpledge
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A community pledge in medieval England whereby a defined number of people were jointly held responsible for the denunciation of any crime within their group
Fraud
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Deceitful or deceptive conduct designed to manipulate another person to give something of value
Freebase
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Cocaine which has been purified by dissolving in a heated solvent, and then burned and the fumes inhaled
Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine
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Bars the admission of physical evidence and live testimony obtained directly or indirectly through the exploitation of unconstitutional police conduct
Fuck
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To denunciate something, or a general swear word without necessarily referring to sex
Fugitive
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One who runs away to avoid arrest, prosecution or imprisonment
General Deterrence
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A sentencing objective which aims to discourage persons other than the offender, from committing a similar offence
Genocide
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Systematic killing of persons because of their ethnicity
Gladue Rights
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(Canada) Purported special rights available only to Aboriginal offenders on sentencing
Grand Jury
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An American criminal justice procedure whereby, in each court district, a group of 16-23 citizens hold an inquiry on criminal complaints brought by the prosecutor and decide if a trial is warranted, in which case an indictment is issued
Gravamen
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The material part or essence of a charge, grievance or complaint
Guillotine
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A machine designed to inflict capital punishment by dropping a blade onto the neck, thus quickly severing of the head from the body
Guilty
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A person found guilty of a criminal charge, either as a result of an acknowledgment of it by pleading guilty, or as a result of a trial at which the accused was found guilty of the offence changed
Habeas Corpus
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Latin: a court petition which orders that a person being detained be produced before a judge for a hearing to decide whether the detention is lawful
Habit
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A regular response to a specific situation
Habitual Offender
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A person who is convicted and sentenced for crimes over a period of time and even after serving sentences of incarceration, demonstrates a propensity towards future criminal conduct
Halfway House
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A temporary group home designed to facilitate the reentry into society of prison inmates
Harassment
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Unsolicited words or conduct which tend to annoy, alarm or abuse another person
Hate Crime
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The public incitation of hatred against an identifiable group
Hawker
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A person who goes about carrying goods from house to house to endeavour to sell them there
Heat of Passion
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A sudden uncontrollable state of mind provoked by a blow or some other personal provocation
Hells Angels Motorcycle Club
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A distinct outlaw motorcycle gang with significant operations in North America
Heresy
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A historic criminal offence comprised of the act of public denial of Christian doctrines
High Treason
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Treason as against the monarch, king or queen, or his/her government
Hiraba
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Muslim law: organized crime such as highway robbery
Hodge's Case
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A rule limiting the use of circumstantial evidence in the trial of a criminal offence
Home Invasion
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A break and enter of occupied residential premises with forced confinement, assault or battery of occupants
Homicide
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The act or omission of one human being, which ends the life of another
Honest Services Doctrine
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(USA) A judicially developed criminal offence of bribes or kickbacks which seek or in fact deprive another a right to honest services
Hostis Humani Generis
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Latin: the enemy of mankind
House Arrest
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The judicial obligation upon an individual that she/he be forbidden to leave his or her place of residence except for limited, specified circumstances
Hudud
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Muslim law: divine punishments; the category of crimes most egregious and therefore most severely punished
Hue and Cry
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A community fugitive-containment strategy of medieval England where a yell went up denouncing a crime, and all within earshot took up the chase
Human Trafficking
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The transportation or commercial exchange of an individual by coercion or deception for the purpose of exploitation
Hung Jury
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A jury which is unable to arrive at a required unanimous or near unanimous verdict
Husband-Wife Privilege
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A special right that married persons have to keep communications between them secret and even inaccessible to a court of law
Hybrid Offence
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A criminal offence for which the prosecutor has the option of charging as an offence punishable by summary conviction or as an indictable offence
Identity Theft
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The wrongful taking or using another person's identifying information for the purpose of fraud or other criminal activity
Ignorance of the Law
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A mistake of law in relation to a person's rights or responsibilities
Ignorantia Juris Non Excusat
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Latin: ignorance of the law is no excuse
Immunity
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An exemption that a person enjoys from the normal operation of the law such as a legal duty or liability, either criminal or civil
Impaired
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A deterioration of an individual’s judgment and decrease in his or her’s physical ability, Used primarily in criminal law; driving under the influence of alcohol or disability law in regards to a person’s physical or mental impairment
Impanel
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Also, "empanel"; the official call to duty of a jury, usually as called by the clerk of the Court in which the jury is to act, and just before the jurors are sworn in
In Absentia
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Latin: in the absence of
Incest
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The crime of sexual contact with a blood relative usually including a parent, child, sibling, grandparent or grandchild
Inchoate Offence
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Acts which are criminal even though they precede harmful conduct
Independent Source Doctrine
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(USA) Evidence initially discovered during an unlawful search, but later obtained independently through activities untainted by the illegality, may be admitted into evidence Indictable Offence= An offence which the government can opt to cause trial by a more formal process than by summary process
Indictment
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The formal document by which the state sets out the claim that a person has committed a crime
Ineffective Assistance
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In USA constitutional law, grounds for reversing a criminal law judicial determination where relevant legal advice was deficient and prejudicial
Infanticide
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Murder of an infant soon after its birth
Information
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Canada: the charging document in a criminal prosecution
Insanity
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Disorder which impairs the human mind and prevents distinguishing between actions that are right or wrong
Insider Trading
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Participation by corporate officers, directors or employees in the trade of a stock based on confidential or privileged corporate information, knowing that information to be confidential, and seeking thereby to acquire profits or avoid losses on the stock market
International Crime
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Crimes which affect the peace or safety of more than one state or which are so reprehensible in nature as to justify the intervention of international agencies in the investigation and prosecution thereof
International Criminal Law
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Offences made criminal in international law and related matters such as jurisdiction, courts and tribunals
Involuntary Manslaughter
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A criminal offence contingent on language in any given jurisdiction but, generally, the unlawful killing of a human being without malice in the commission of an unlawful act or in the commission of an act which might produce death, in an unlawful manner, or without due caution and circumspection
Issue Estoppel
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The proposal that an argument is moot as it has been previously decided, distinctly put in issue in an earlier proceeding where it was fundamental to the decision
Judicial Interim Release
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Pre-trial release of an individual accused of a crime; bail
Judicial Misconduct
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Conduct on the part of a judge that is prohibited and which could lead to a form of discipline
Juror
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A member of a jury; a person who has taken an oath to serve on a jury
Jury
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A group of citizens randomly selected from the general population and brought together to assist justice by deciding which version, in their opinion, constitutes 'the truth' given different evidence by opposing parties
Jury Nullification
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The extraordinary power of a jury to issue a verdict contrary to the law as applied to the proven facts
Jury Secrecy Rule
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A rule of law which prohibits the disclosure, by a member of a jury, of statements or opinions voiced during jury deliberations
Jury Tampering
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To unlawfully disrupt the independence of a jury member with a view to influencing that juror otherwise than by the production of evidence in open court
Justice of the Peace
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A judicial officer with a limited role, usually in criminal law, to perform minor judicial tasks such as authorizing search warrants and approving criminal charges
Justifiable Homicide
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The blameless killing of another human being
Justification
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An answer or defence to an allegation of wrongful conduct that the act or omission, though admittedly committed, was not wrongful in all the circumstances
Kidnap
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To confine a person against his or her will
King's Bench
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Originally, the common criminal court of the common law; later, the general superior court
Kleptomania
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An impulse control disorder characterized by the inability to resist impulses to steal objects
Knock and Announce Rule
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A standard requirement of police officers executing a search warrant that they first knock on the main entry door and announce the purpose of their attendance
Knock and Talk
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An investigation technique involving a law enforcement officer attending at the door of certain premises to speak with the occupants, or asking for consent to search the premises
Knowingly
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Acting voluntarily and intentionally and not because of mistake or accident
Lap Dancing
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The intentional rubbing against men to please them in a sexual way
Larceny
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A criminal offence now more commonly referred to as theft, covering the unlawful or fraudulent removal of another's property without the owner's consent
Lay by the Heels
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To commit to prison
Legal Custody
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The lawful entitlement to make decisions in regards to another, such as a parent or a prison warden
Letters of Exculpation
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Scots law: a subpoena, in the form of a warrant, to a material witness in a criminal matter to testify at trial
Life
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Independent existence as an animate being
Loitering
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To waste time; to be idle
Long-Term Offender
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A convicted person for whom there is a substantial risk of re-offending
Lord Advocate
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Scottish law: head of public prosecutions and the investigation of deaths
Lottery
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An offer in which prizes and high value items are awarded by random chance to participants who buy lottery tickets
Lunatic
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An individual who, though once of sound mind, can no longer manage his person or his affairs
Lust
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A strong desire for sexual relations
Machine Gun
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A firearm which can shoot more than one shot without having to be reloaded and by single function of the trigger
Malicious Prosecution
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An intentional tort which redresses losses flowing from an unjustified prosecution
Manslaughter
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Unlawful killing of a human being without malice or deliberation
Mayhem
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Violently depriving another person of a body part to render less effective that person's defence of self
McMorris Evidence
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Evidence of past violence by a victim of crime
Mens Rea
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Latin for guilty mind; guilty knowledge or intention to commit a prohibited act
Minor
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A young person not yet of the age of majority
Miranda Warning
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A requirement that police officers, in the USA, before any questioning is so begun, warn suspects upon arrest that they have the right to remain silent, that any statement that they make could be used against them in a court of law, that they have the right to contact a lawyer and that if they cannot afford a lawyer, that one will be provided
Miscarriage of Justice
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A substantial wrong which occurs during a trial which so infects the proceedings as to merit quashing the result on appeal
Miscegenation
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Interracial cohabitation or marriage
Misdemeanor
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(USA) A crime of lesser seriousness than a felony where the punishment might be a fine or prison for less than one year
Misprision
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Offence in aid of the most seriously punished crimes in the ancient common law of England
Mistrial
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A partial or complete trial which is found to be null and void and of no effect because of some irregularity
Mitigating Circumstances
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Facts that, while not negating a wrongful action, tend to show that the defendant may have had some grounds for acting the way he/she did
M'Naghten Rules
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A defence to criminal law liability developed in England; if, at the time of the offence, the accused had a disease of the mind such that he was unable to know that his act was wrong
Modus Operandi
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Latin: method of operation
Money Laundering
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The conversion or transfer of money obtained by crime for the purposes of frustrating law enforcement
Monopoly
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A commercial advantage enjoyed by only one or a select few companies in which only those companies can trade in a certain area
Moral Turpitude
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An act of baseness or depravity contrary to accepted moral standards
Motion to Strike
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A motion put to the Court to strike a pleading or evidence of a witness
Murder
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Intentional homicide (the taking of another person’s life), without legal justification or provocation
Mutilation
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To render a thing imperfect by cutting off or destroying a part
Mutual Combat
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A fight into which both parties enter willingly, or in which two persons, upon a sudden quarrel, and in hot blood, mutually fight upon equal terms
Necessity
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A defense or excuse from conviction of a crime committed
Necrophilia
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A psychosexual disorder, sexual relations with a corpse
Nemo Debet Bis Vexari Pro Una Et Eadem Causa
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Latin: No-one shall be tried or punished twice in regards to the same event
Nolo Contendere
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Latin: I will not defend
Obscenity
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A publication which is illegal because it is morally corruptive
Obstructing Justice
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An act which tends to impede or thwart the administration of justice
Obstruction of Justice
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An act which tends to impede or thwart the administration of justice
Offense
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Conduct prohibited and punishable by the State
Officially Induced Error
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A mistake of law caused by reliance upon erroneous legal advice obtained from an appropriate official
Onus
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Latin: the burden
Opening Statement
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A lawyer or litigant's initial remarks at trial, to the finder of fact, either a judge or jury, setting out their road-map or case theory
Outlaw Motorcycle Gang
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A group of motorcycle owners who band together and who agree to disobey society’s laws
Panhandle
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To beg for money in a public place
Pardon
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A pardon is a government decision to allow a person who has been convicted of a crime, to be free and absolved of that conviction, as if never convicted
Parole
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A conditional release from incarceration during which a prisoner promises to heed certain conditions (usually set by a parole board) and submit to the supervision of a parole officer
Parricide
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Killing one's father or another a family member or close relative
Particulars
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The material facts which a party to litigation alleges are true and which that party will seek to prove at trial in support of the relief claimed
Peace Bond
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A recognizance entered into by an individual in which he commits himself to keep the peace and be of good behaviour, and other conditions, for a specified period of time
Peace Officer
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Law enforcement officer; person empowered to make arrests; police officer
Pederasty
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A sexual abuse crime wherein an adult male grooms and sexually assaults an adolescent male outside of his family
Pedophile
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A medical condition causing a sexual preference for young children
Penal Code
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A statute which lists and defines prohibited conduct (crimes) and the punishments associated with each
Pen Register
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An electronic surveillance device which attaches to a phone line and which registers every number dialed from a specific telephone
Peonage
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Compulsory service in payment of a debt
Peremptory Challenge
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Also "preemptory challenge"; a party's challenge of a prospective juror for which no reason or justification need be given
Perfidy
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The intentional violation of a promise or of some trust, such as misusing a flag of truce during war in order to facilitate an attack
Per Infortunium
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Latin: by misadventure
Perjury
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An intentional lie given while under oath or in a sworn affidavit
Perverse Verdict
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A decision of a jury which runs altogether contrary to the evidence presented before it
Petite Policy
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A policy of the US Justice Department that following a state prosecution there should be no federal prosecution for the same transaction in the absence of compelling federal interests
Petit Treason
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Treason by a servant against his master or a wife against her husband Petty Offense= A minor crime and for which the punishment is usually just a small fine or short term of imprisonment
Physical Control
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Having the means to initiate any movement of, and in close proximity to the operating controls of a vehicle
Physical Force
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Power, violence, or pressure directed against an individual consisting in a physical act
Pillory
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A medieval punishment and restraining device made of moveable and adjustable boards through which a prisoner's head or limbs were pinned
Pinkerton Doctine
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(USA) The conviction of a conspirator for criminal offenses committed by a co-conspirator that are within the scope of the conspiracy or in furtherance of it, and are reasonably foreseeable as a necessary or natural consequence of the conspiracy
Piracy Jure Gentium
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Piracy according to the law of nations
Piracy (Maritime Law)
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Violence or depredation on the high seas or in the air, for private ends, using aircraft or vessels
Pirate
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A person who engages in piracy
Pit Bull
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Dogs which exhibit appearance and physical characteristics of any of a pit bull terrier or Staffordshire, American or American Staffordshire bull terrier
Plain Error
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Limited grounds upon which an appeal alleging deficient jury instructions will be allowed, which were not objected to at the time they were presented to the jury: the error must be so obvious or serious that the public reputation and integrity of the judicial proceeding is impaired
Plain Feel Doctrine
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If, during a lawful pat-down search, an officer feels an object whose mass makes it immediately identifiable as contraband, that officer can seize the item
Plain View Doctrine
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The authority for law enforcement officers, otherwise lawfully upon premises gut not armed with a search warrant, to seize any item within their line of sight and reasonably believed to be related to the commission of a crime Plea Bargaining= Negotiations during a criminal trial in which the accused agrees to admit to a smaller crime in exchange for which the prosecutor agrees to ask for a more lenient sentence than would have been recommended if the original charge had of been proceeded with
Plinking
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Casual recreational shooting, often at cans and other items found lying around
Poach
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To kill or take an animal or fish from the property of another
Police Interrogation
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Questioning put to an accused by the police with the purpose of eliciting a statement
Police Power
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A local or regional government's authority to enforce within its limits, laws, ordinances or regulations
Polyandry
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The having of more than one husband by a wife
Polygamy
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Being married to multiple wives or husbands at the same time
Polygraph
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A lie-detector machine
Polygyny
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One man with several wives
Pornography
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The portrayal of sexual acts solely for the purpose of sexual arousal
Posse Comitatus
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The emergency roundup of a group of civilians or soldiers to address a significant civil law enforcement crisis
Praemunire
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An offence initially to prefer the Pope or his authority as against the King of England or Parliament, but later included a wide assortment of offenses against the King and always leading to serious penalties
Preemptory Challenge
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Also "peremptory challenge"; a party's challenge of a prospective juror for which no reason or justification need be given
Preliminary Inquiry
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Canada: An initial inquiry that occurs at the demand of an accused wherein a judge screens the proposed criminal charge against the available evidence
Premeditation
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Specific intent to commit a crime for some period of time, however short, before the actual crime
Pre-Sentence Report
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A report filed with the court prior to sentencing covering the offender's personal and family history and present environment
Presumption of Innocence
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A legal presumption that benefits a defendant in a criminal case and which results in acquittal in the event that the prosecutor does not prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt
Prison Mailbox Rule
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(USA) A rule of procedure which deems that any court document mailed by a self-represented inmate is deemed filed on the date of delivery to prison authorities for mailing
Probation
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A punishment given out as part of a sentence which means that instead of jailing a person convicted of a crime, a judge will order that the person reports to a probation officer regularly and according to a set schedule
Procurator Fiscal
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Scots law: the prosecutor who acts on behalf of the state in criminal prosecutions
Profane
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Vulgar, crude, grossly offensive or insulting language
Prohibition
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A legal restriction against the use of something or against certain conduct
Prosecute
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To bring or administer judicial proceedings
Prosecutorial Discretion
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Discretionary powers exercised by the government's prosecution service such as whether to prosecute charge recommended by police, to stay an ongoing proceeding, plea bargaining, or the taking over of a private prosecution
Prostitute
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An individual who offers lewd sexual acts for the gratification of a customer and in exchange for money
Provocation
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Conduct that would cause a reasonable person to lose self control
Psychopath
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An individual with an abnormal personality charterised by irresponsibility, lack of emotional control, impulsiveness resulting in unstable adaptations to environment
Public Defender
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An attorney in the USA paid for by the state but representing an indigent individual in a criminal matter
Queen's Bench
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Originally, the common criminal court of the common law; later, the general superior court
Quesas
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Muslim law: the right of a person who has suffered corporal injuries by the act of another, to inflict, or have inflicted similar injuries upon the aggressor
Qui Jure Suo Utitur Neminem Facit Injuriam
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Latin: he who exercises his legal rights harms no one
Qui Tam
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Latin: who as well
Racial Pollution
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A prohibition of sexual relations with persons outside of defined races
Racial Profiling
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Targeting of individual members of a particular racial group, on the basis of the supposed propensity of the entire group
Rack
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A medieval form of punishment or confession extractor in which the subject was affixed to a wooden platform and separate ropes attached to each of his four limbs, which were then pulled apart by a system of pulleys
Racketeering
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The interfering with trade or commerce by violence or threats
Ransom
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Money paid to have a kidnapped person released
Rape
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Sex with a woman, other than the perpetrator's wife, without her consent
Rapina
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Latin: to take away forcefully
Reasonable Doubt
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A threshold of proof in criminal cases in most modern criminal law systems which requires the trier of fact to be sure, not certain, of the accused's guilt, before convicting
Recorder
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An ancient judicial position in the legal history of England and Wales, now mostly a part-time judicial appointment given to practising barristers or solicitors in England and Wales
Relator
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An informer; a person who has supplied the facts required for a criminal prosecution or a civil suit, or who institutes legal action on behalf of the government
Remanet
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Latin: an action that has been put over, deferred to a later time
Rescue
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Taking and setting at liberty, against the law, either goods or imprisoned persons
Res Gestae
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Latin: things done
Restorative Justice
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An alternate form of dealing with crime by engaging both offender and victim in post-offence mediation
Right of Hot Pursuit
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The right of a state to chase and arrest a vessel which has committed an offense within its waters
Riot
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Three or more persons who assemble and advance a purpose together, with the intent to use force if necessary, and raising alarm of a reasonable person(s)
Robbery
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Theft under threat or use of force
Rule of Lenity
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A rule of construction of statutes: that criminal statute ambiguities are resolved in favor of the defendant or accused
Sabbath Breaking
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Doing business on a Sunday
Sadism
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Delight in physical or mental cruelty
Sanction
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To sanction can mean to ratify or to approve but it can also mean to punish, The sanction of a crime refers to the actual punishment, usually expressed as a fine or jail term
Sanctuary
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A special criminal law option available in Medieval times to persons who had just committed a crime, allowing them to seek refuge in a church or monastery
Sariqa
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Muslim law: theft
Scandalizing the Court
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Personal scurrilous abuse of a judge as a judge
Scienter
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Latin: actual or guilty knowledge; knowingly
Scold
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A troublesome and angry woman who, by brawling and wrangling amongst her neighbours, breaks the public peace, increases discord and becomes a public nuisance
Scolding
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A medieval offense; women who were verbally disputative; who incited or agitated against the public peace
Sealing Order
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A Court order that restricts access to or disclosure of any record or document filed in a proceeding
Search
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A probing exploration for something that is concealed or hidden from the searcher
Search Warrant
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A court order that gives a police the permission to enter private property and to search for evidence of the commission of a crime, for the proceeds of crime or property that the police suspect may be used to commit a crime
Se Defendendo
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Latin: self-defence
Sedition
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The speaking or publishing of words which excite public disorder or defiance of lawful authority
Seizure
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A dispossession of something against the will of the possessor
Self-Defence
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A person is not responsible for an act if the conduct is carried-out in self-defence of self or of another
Sentence
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The judgment given to a person who has been convicted (ie found to be guilty) of a crime
Sentencing Circle
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A sentencing opportunity at which an accused hopes to favourably influence the court passing sentence, by convening a conciliatory pre-sentence meeting between offender and victim
Sequestered Jury
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A jury which has been confined to a location where they can be shielded from outside distractions while their deliberations are ongoing
Sexual Abuse
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The tort or crime of an assault of a sexual nature
Sexual Assault
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A sexual act upon or directed to another which is unwanted and not consented to by the other
Sexual Exploitation of a Minor
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The use of a child for the purposes of pornography
Sharia Law
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Muslim or Islamic law, both civil and criminal justice as well as regulating individual conduct both personal and moral
Sheriff
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Individuals empowered to ensure the security of courthouses generally and courtrooms especially, to keep prisoners secure whilst in the courthouse, to secure jurors during trials and to assist in the execution of court orders
Sherman Antitrust Act
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American federal statutes that defines and prohibits contracts or conspiracies which are designed to restrain trade
Shock Probation
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A sentencing strategy: a brief period of incarceration followed by release under supervision
Shoplifting
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Willful concealment of unpurchased merchandise of any retail store
Shurb Al-Khamr
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Muslim law; the crime of consuming alcoholic beverages
Similar Fact Evidence
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Evidence tendered in a criminal trial to demonstrate that the accused previously engaged in the relevant prohibited activity
Simony
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The selling of miracles or the promise of some other alleged form of Divine service in exchange for money
Sodomy
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Synonymous with buggery and referring to unnatural sex acts, including copulation, either between two persons of the same sex or between a person and an animal (the latter act is known as bestiality)
Special Jury
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A jury drawn to certain specifications given the alleged complexities of the matter to be tried
Special prosecutor
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A private lawyer who temporarily and on a case-by-case basis only, investigates or manages the prosecution in lieu of the public prosecutor
Specific Deterrence
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Deterrence, as an objective of sentencing, which is fit to a particular offender
Specific Intent
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A state of mind that exists when the circumstances indicate the offender actively desired the prescribed criminal consequences to follow his act or failure to act
Spousal Abuse
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The physical or emotional abuse of a spouse
Stab Wound
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A bodily injury caused by a knife or other sharp or pointed instrument
Star Chamber
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An elitist, secretive and abusive court convened from time to time by British kings from at least King Henry VII (1457-1509) to 1640
Statutory Rape
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A statutory definition of rape which allows for conviction regardless of the consent, such as with a minor
Stay
inizia ad imparare
To stop; to suspend; also known as a stay of proceedings; when a law suit is suspended either indefinitely or until the occurrence of a condition imposed by the court
Steal
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The taking of something from another without any legal right to do so
Strangle
inizia ad imparare
To interrupt breathing by interference with the windpipe
Streaking
inizia ad imparare
Dashing through a public area in the nude
Strict Liability
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Tort liability which is set upon the defendant without need to prove intent, negligence or fault; as long as you can prove that it was the defendant's object that caused the damage
Strip Search
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The removal of all or part of an individual's clothing so as to visually inspect private areas or undergarments
Striptease
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Removal of clothing in a manner so as to arouse sexual desire
Subpoena
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Latin: an order of a court which requires a person to be present at a certain time and place or suffer a penalty (subpoena means, literally, under penalty)
Sudden Fight
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A spontaneous altercation which occurs in the heat of passion
Sudden Heat
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Anger or terror sufficient to obscure the reason of an ordinary person, preventing deliberation
Suicide
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To intentionally take one's own life
Summary Conviction Offence
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In Canada, a less serious offence than indictable offences and for which both the procedure and punishment tends to be less onerous
Summons
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In the USA, this is one of the initial documents issued in a civil suit; giving the defendant notice of the claim and an opportunity to defend it
Superficial Wound
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A scrape, bruise, discoloration, or swelling, of minimal severity
Suppressed Evidence
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The intentional non-disclosure by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused and asked for by the accused, where that evidence is material either to guilt or punishment
Surety
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A person who promises to answer for the debt or performance of another
Surplusage
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Superfluous allegations, especially in regards to pleadings
Suspended Sentence
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A judicial prerogative retained by a sentencing judge on a person convicted of a crime by which the full sentencing of a convicted person is suspended or deferred until some future time commensurate with the convicted person’s compliance with the terms of an interim probation order
Ta'azir
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Muslim law: discretionary and corrective punishments for minor crimes
Take-Down Lights
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Bright police cruise lights directed at a person while shadowing the cruiser occupants
Tales
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The act of supplementing a jury otherwise incomplete
Talesmen
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Additional jurors summoned to complete a jury
Tamper
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To interfere improperly or in violation of the law such as to tamper with a document
Tax Evasion
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A prohibited or illegal act or omission which is designed to reduce a person’s tax liability
Terrorism
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Violence against civilians intended to intimidate a population or a government from taking or abstaining from an act
Terry Search
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A justifiable protective search for weapons, even in the absence of probable cause to arrest, where there is a suspicion that an individual is armed and dangerous
Theft
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To steal an item of property
Threat
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A menace designed to intimidate the person on whom it is directed to take some action, and which carries with it some sanction if not performed
Torture
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The intentional infliction of pain or suffering on an animal or a person and as for the latter, even if for the purpose of obtaining information such as a confession or the names of accomplices, or as a punishment for crime
Trafficking
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The selling or involvement in commercial activity of something for which commercial activity is unlawful Treason= To aid or enlist with a state enemy or to attempt or conspire to harm the head of state, such as a king, queen or president
Trial
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The resolution of a dispute by examination of evidence submitted by opposing litigants by a tribunal or Court of law, and determination of (1) guilt (in a criminal trial) or (2) of a civil dispute of fact or law
Unlawful Assembly
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Three or more persons together holding the intent to commit a crime or to otherwise disturb the peace
Usury
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Excessive or illegal interest rate
Uzi Machine Gun
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A sub-machine gun using a blowback mechanism with a bolt that wraps around the end of the barrel, and empty cases ejected through slots in the body
Vagrancy
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A criminal offence of being intentionally unemployed and thereby neglecting to maintain himself or his family
Vagrant
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A tramp or homeless person
Venue
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Location or proposed district of a judicial hearing
Verdict
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French: truth told; the decision of a jury
Vetrovec Warning
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Canada: a warning given by a judge to a jury in regards to the frailities of the evidence tendered by certain witnesses
View
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The displacement of a judge and jury to the location of events which are being described at trial
Voir Dire
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A mini-hearing held during a trial on the eligibility of prospective jurors or the admissibility of contested evidence
Voyeurism
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The secret viewing of another person in a place where that person would have a reasonable expectation of privacy, for the purposes of the viewer's sexual arousal
Waiver By Conduct
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The abandonment of a right implied from a person's conduct
War Crimes
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Excessive brutality during war, in contravention of an international treaty or convention
Warrant
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A document giving a person legal authority to do a certain thing
Washerwoman Syndrome
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Changes in the skin condition that result from being immersed in water
Waterboarding
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A criminal investigation interrogation technique whereby a person suspected of having or withholding relevant information is blindfolded and bound on their back, sometimes with the face covered with porous or nonporous material, and subjected to water poured over their mouth and nose such as to simulate drowning and to thus, under duress, elicit information
Weapon
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An instrument of combat; something to fight with - used or designed to injure or kill
Weapon of Mass Destruction
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Device designed to kill humans through the use of atomic or nuclear energy or the release of chemicals, poisons, biological agents or radioactivity
Willfully
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Acting voluntarily, deliberately and intentionally
Wobbler
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An offense known to American criminal law which offers to the district attorney the option of charging as a misdemeanor or as a felony
Wrongful Conviction
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A conviction of a person accused of a crime which, in the result of subsequent investigation, proves erroneous
Year-and-a-day Rule
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A common law rule precluding prosecution for murder where the victim died a year and a day, or later, after the infliction of the ultimately fatal wounds
Young Offender
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Young persons who, in many states, are treated differently than adult criminals and are tried in special youth courts

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