PNJA GE 16.11

być motorem dla czegoś

be an engine of

to talk for a long time on a subject

to hold forth on

pociąg podmiejski

commuter train

a safe and peaceful place

haven

a person who writes plays for the teathre, TV or radio

playwright

to make sb feel sorry for sth they have done

to chasten

to damage sth or make sth worse

to impair

complete and total

stark

improving a situation; having a helpful or useful effect

beneficial to

lasting only a short time

fleeting

a look at sb/sth for a very short time

a glimpse at/of

to live in

to reside in

a mammal

primate

to make sb/sth different

to alter

to take part in a sport, an activity, etc. but not very seriously

to dabble in

a change to sth

alteration

the part near the middle of a city, especially where the buildings are in a bad condition and the people are poor

the inner city

a public road or street used by traffic, especially a main road in a city or town

thoroughfare

a person walking in the street

pedestrian

involving a risk or danger

hazardous

careful, prepared for a danger, etc.

wary

a pattern of straight lines, crossing each other to form squares

grid

reduced by a large amount of sth, so that there is not enough left

depleted

to use sth for advantage

to exploit

important or necessary

crucial

filled too much

overstuffed

sth which causes part of the body to react

stimuli

not related to what is being discussed and therefore of no importance

irrelevant

the act or process of returning sth to its earlier good condition or position

restoration

not easy to find or get

scarce

1. to put sb/sth completely under the surface of liquid; 2. to become completely involved in sth

immersion

a short argument

skirmish

to make a sudden noise of explosion (of e.g. car engine)

to backfire

to fill sth up again

to replenish

to provide sb with equipment or clothes for a special purpose

to outfit

a garden with many different types of trees, for people to look or scientific study

arboretum

to look quickly at sb/sth

to glance

1. that can be measured; 2. large enough to be noticed

measurable

the state of having a condition which means that part of your body does not work correctly

impairment

too small to be considered as important or useful

paltry

a small area of sth, especially one which is different from the area around it

patch

to a fairly large degree, especially in comparison to sth else

relatively

to give sb sth that they can use; to provide a person for a particular task or position

to assign sb to sth

several different

various

a large area covered with buildings added at different times, so that it looks untidy

sprawl

the material used on the surface of roads

blacktop

a piece of ground where flowers are grown

flowerbed

to deal with

to handle

attractive green leaves and plants

greenery

to reduce a supply of goods

to draw down

containing a lot of people, things, etc. with little space between them

dense

to walk in a slow, relaxed manner for pleasure

to stroll

attacked

assaulted

to take an amount of money off the usual cost of sth

to discount

to use power or influence to affect sb/sth

to exert

to spend a lot of money on sth you don't really need

to splurge on

to make known or show sth that is surprising or that was previously secret

to reveal

to allow yourself to have sth enjoyable, especially more than is good for you

to indulge in

to try to destroy or damage sth

to subvert

clear, simple

undiluted

to combine two or more things in order to become more effective

to integrate

a situation in which there is great confusion, violence and destruction

maelstrom (of)

to increase a lot and suddenly in number

to proliferate

a very large number of sth

myriad

to make sth worse

to exacerbate

to continue to exist for a long time

to endure

be connected and affect or depend on one another

to correlate

an important development that may lead to an agreement or achievement

breakthrough

a situation, an argument or a fact that is the natural and direct result of another one (n.)

corollary of sth

to make sth less harmful, serious, etc.

to mitigate

panorama, horyzont, sylwetka na tle nieba

skyline

to try hard to find a solution to a problem

to grapple with

a person or company that buys land or buildings in order to build new ones or improve the old ones, and makes profit on doing this

real-estate developer

to present plans

to lay out plans

to start to do sth new or difficult

to embark on

kept in its original state, in good condition

preserved

to make changes to sth such as borders, a plan, an arrangement

to redraw

to allow sb/sth to take place of sb/sth else

to make way for

a very firm request for sth

demand for/of sth

causing more problems instead of solving them

self-defeating

a very tall block of flats or offices

tower block

to be an area where sth is spread

be dotted with

shining brightly with many small flashes of light

glittering

the speed at which sth happens

pace of sth

a place from which an organization is controlled

headquarters

to completely destroy the inside of a building

to gut the inside

to keep sth

to retain

(of beliefs, ideas, personalities) to be very different and opposed to each other

to clash with sth

to make sb pay money as an official punishment

to fine sb for sth

small, unimportant

mere

to have none or not enough of

to lack

town-clerk

city official

to look similar to the background that it is difficult to see it separetely

to blend into sth

strange

quirky

existing or happening over a large area or among many people

widespread

a feeling that sb/sth is ridiculous and not worth considering seriously, shown by laughing in an unkind way or by making unkind remarks

derision (to provoke/arouse)

to make sb less angry about sth

to placate

a line or surface that bends gradually; a smooth bend

curve

the amount that sth is curved

curvature

to remove a cover from a painting, statue, etc., so that it can be seen in public for the first time; to show a new plan, product, etc. to the public for the first time

to unveil

the activity of governing a country or controlling a company; the way in which a country is governed

governance

similar to sb/sth else and able to be compared

comparable to/with

not having necessary equipment or skills

ill-equipped for sth/to do sth

a situation when there is not enough of the people or things that are needed

shortage

greater than it seems reasonable or appropiate

excessive

the act of moving or taking sth away or back

withdrawal

becoming faster and faster

exponential

used temporarily for a particular purpose, because the real thing is not available

makeshift

a sudden start of sth unpleasant, especially violence or disease

outbreak

not stopping or getting less strong

relentless

the act or process of passing sth from one person to another

transmission

disease can be passed easily from one person to another (adj.)

infectious

more important, more successful or of a higher standard than others

pre-eminent

1. to go around or avoid a place; 2. to ignore a rule, a system or sb in authority

to bypass

if people or situations are ***, you feel fear and respect for them, because they are impressive and powerful, or because they are difficult (adj.)

formidable

a substance that pollutes sth especially air or water

pollutant

available or existing in a large amounts or numbers

plentiful

where a large number of people live

populous

probably caused by the thing mentioned

attributable

a small building outside a main building; a toilet in a small building of its own

outhouse

an amount of liquid or gas escaping through a hole in sth

leakage

full of activity and noise (of e.g. city)

bustling

dark and depressing (for rooms)

dark and dingy

grey and depressing

drab

cold because cold currents of air continually enter it (under the door, through cracks in the window, etc)

draughty

boring and depressing

dreary

dark and depressing

gloomy

horrible, boring and depressing (for towns/cities)

godforsaken

old and damp-smelling

musty

very pretty (for buildings/town/villages)

picturesque

very comfortable and expensively decorated (for rooms/hotels/restaurants)

plush

uncomfortably small

pok(e)y

far away from other towns/villages/people

remote

dirty and untidy and generally connected with illegal/immoral activities

seedy

a very quiet place where very little happens

sleepy

very large

spacious

lacking fresh air and unpleasant as a result

stuffy

designed to attract tourists (with big hotels, nightclubs, shopping centres, etc) and lacking any local colour as a result

touristy

has not lost its local character because of tourist developments

unspoiled

products of very high quality for the rich (adj.)

upmarket

area that has only private houses, not offices and factories

residential area

zaniedbany

deprived

when some things form a row along a side of sth

be lined with

strefa przemysłowa

industrial zone

usiany śmieciami

be strewn with litter

to make an improvement or change happen faster (=encourage)

to spur sth

someone who lives in an empty building without permission and without paying rent

a squatter

critisizing someone or something in a strong and effective way

hard-hitting

trouble between two or more people (=conflict)

strife

the condition of being dirty and unpleasant because of a lack of care or money

squalor

sth or sb that attracts many people or things

a magnet for sb/sth

to be even better or greater than sb or sth else

to surpass sth

a small building that has not been built very well

shack

a very important event in the development of sth

milestone

to try very hard to do sth (idiom)

to take pains to do sth

unpleasantly bright

garish

falling fertility rates

birth dearth

odpowiednik

counterpart

fast and sudden

rapid

(of reduction or increase) fast or great

precipitous

go faster

to accelerate

to take sth in, especially gradually

to absorb

very serious or bad

severe

use sb/sth

be drain on sb/sth

to start or develop as a results of sth

to stem from sth

act of going into a place

incursion

much too large

exorbitant

to waste money or supplies

to squander

o ogromnym znaczeniu

of utmost importance

to write sth quickly on a piece of paper so that you can remember it

to jot sth down

the most unpleasant or serious thing that could happen in a situation

worst case scenario

odpukać

to touch wood

to suddenly win or make a lot fo money

to hit the jackpot

na krawędzi, na skraju

on the verge

prowizorycznie

in a makeshift manner

shy

timid

gap

chasm

indywidualnie dla każdego przypadku

on a case-by-case basis

złe dopasowanie

poor fit

amorficzny, bezkształtny

amorphous

pozbawiony

devoid

mieszkać, zamieszkiwać

dweller, to dwell

dziesięciokrotnie

tenfold

w przybliżeniu

roughly

to become smaller in size or amount, or fewer in number

to dwindle

with great effort

mightily

osuszanie, odpływ

drainage

to be working hard

to be hard at work

szyba

a pane of glass

happening one after another

in succession

przejście

gangway

ostrożność

precaution

not to realise or show that you are grateful for how much you get from them

to take sb/sth for granted

to have a powerful effect on sth

to have an impact on sth

planned for the future

be projected to do sth

to have or experience a particular thing, especially something unpleasant

be subject to

to cause sth, especially a problem or difficulty

to pose

zmniejszające się zasoby

dwindling resources

przyczyniać się do

to contribute (mightily) to

łamać sobie głowę

to rack one's brain

dostać pracę

to land oneself a job

być zaproszonym na rozmowę o pracę

to be shortlisted for a job

na baczności

on the alert

wyrazić swoje poglądy

to air one's views

to do away with

to abolish

illness

ailment

(of sth bad) getting worse quickly in an uncontrolled way

rampant

sudden or great increase

a surge in...

błędne koło

a vicious circle

odbiegać od normy

to deviate from the norm

a table or temporary structure used as a small shop for selling newspapers and magazines outside in public places

newsstand