Unit 3 - A head of the Curve

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Domanda English Risposta English
to reduce the rate, level, or amount of something
Nuestra principal responsabilidad es reducir la tasa de desempleo.
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bring down (the cost/number/rate of ...)
Our main responsibility is to bring down the rate of unemployment.
to change your opinion or decision because someone has persuaded you to agree with them
Estábamos seguros de que ella acabaría aceptando nuestra forma de pensar.
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come round to (a way of thinking / the idea)
We were sure she’d come round to our way of thinking in the end.
to think of something such as an idea or a plan
¿Es esta la mejor solución que se te ocurre?
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come up with (a solution/strategy)
Is this the best solution you can come up with?
to use something that you have gradually gained or saved
Como actor, a menudo recurres a tu propia experiencia de vida.
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draw on (your experience/observations)
As an actor, you often draw on your own life experience.
to turn the pages of a book, magazine, newspaper, etc. very quickly looking at some of the pages for a very short time
Recientemente hojeé un libro sobre descubrimientos científicos.
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flick through (something)
Recently, I was flicking through the pages of a book on scientific discoveries.
to stop something from progressing or developing as it should
La escasez de agua a largo plazo puede frenar el progreso económico.
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hold back (something)
Long-term water shortages can hold back economic progress.
to not have much hope that something will happen
Él tenía pocas esperanzas de que su idea fuera aceptada.
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hold out little hope
He held out little hope that his idea would ever be accepted.
to get a particular result or reaction
La nueva propuesta se encontró con una fuerte oposición por parte de los estudiantes.
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meet with (criticism/opposition/resistance)
The new proposal met with strong opposition from students.
to invest a lot of money in something in order to improve it or make it successful
El año pasado el gobierno invirtió más de 80 millones de libras en la reparación de carreteras.
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plough (money) into (something)
Last year the government ploughed more than £80 million into road repairs.
to offer an idea, opinion, reason etc, especially so that people can discuss it and make a decision
Rechazó todas las propuestas presentadas por el comité.
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put forward (an explanation / an idea / a proposal)
He rejected all the proposals put forward by the committee.
if you _____ problems, difficulties etc, you have to deal with them
Nos topamos con algunos problemas al comienzo del proyecto.
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run up against (a difficulty/problem)
We ran up against a few problems at the start of the project.
to find something by accident
Me topé con un artículo muy interesante sobre natación en aguas abiertas.
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stumble across (something)
I stumbled across a really interesting article about wild swimming yesterday.
if someone in authority throws out a plan, proposal etc, they refuse to accept it
El juez desestimó su reclamación.
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throw out (charges / claims / a suggestion)
The judge threw out their claim.
confused and not knowing what to do
Estaba desconcertado sin saber qué había pasado.
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at a loss
I was at a loss to understand what had happened.
used for showing that something is not very good by emphasising that your description of it is the best thing you can say about it
La respuesta del gobierno ha sido como mucho confusa y en el peor de los casos deshonesta.
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at best
The government’s response seems to have been at best confused and at worst dishonest.
if things are _____ each other, they are different or opposite when they should be the same
¿Qué aspectos de nuestro estilo de vida están en desacuerdo con lograr un futuro sostenible?
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at odds with (something)
What parts of our lifestyle are fundamentally at odds with achieving a sustainable future?
used about important issues that are involved in a situation or could be decided by it
Pocos votantes tenían idea de los asuntos en juego.
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at stake
Few voters had any idea of the issues at stake.
if one thing exists or happens at the expense of another, the second thing suffers or is not done properly because of the first
Patrick estaba logrando grandes cosas en el trabajo, pero a costa de su salud.
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at the expense of (something)
Patrick was doing great things in the job, but at the expense of his health.
in a leading or important position in something
Estos problemas medioambientales están actualmente en el centro del debate público.
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at the forefront of (something)
These environmental issues are currently at the forefront of public debate.
to be watching carefully in order to find, obtain, or avoid something or someone
La policía de Brighton está buscando a una banda de ladrones de coches.
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be on the lookout for (something/someone)
Police in Brighton are on the lookout for a gang of car thieves.
if someone does something __ _ ___ ___ they do it a lot, or they think it is important
Los entrenadores deportivos dependen en gran medida del análisis de vídeo.
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in a big way
Sports coaches have come to depend on video analysis in a big way.
almost certainly
Lo más probable es que el jarrón fuera hecho en el siglo XVII.
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in all likelihood
In all likelihood the vase was made in the seventeenth century.
feeling great respect and admiration for someone or something
Jeff siempre ha sentido una profunda admiración por su padre.
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in awe of (someone/something)
Jeff has always been totally in awe of his father.
if a law or rule is __ _____ it is being applied and people must obey it
La prohibición de exportar petróleo sigue en vigor.
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in force
The ban on oil exports remains in force.
likely to be damaged or destroyed
La crisis puso en peligro miles de empleos.
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in jeopardy
The crisis put thousands of jobs in jeopardy.
rude and not at all appropriate
Su broma sobre el divorcio de ella fue de muy mal gusto.
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in poor taste
His joke about her divorce was in very poor taste.
considering something that happened in the past, using knowledge or information that you did not have at that time
En retrospectiva, nunca deberíamos haber permitido que eso ocurriera.
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in retrospect
In retrospect, we should never have allowed that to happen.
of the same quality as or at the same level as
Los beneficios deberían estar a la par con los del año pasado.
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on a par with (something/someone)
Profits should be on a par with last year.
in a place that is able to be seen by many people
Su obra está expuesta en la galería.
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on display
Her work is on display at the gallery.
nervous and unable to relax because you are worried
Los acontecimientos de los últimos días la habían dejado nerviosa y tensa.
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on edge
The events of the past few days had left her feeling tense and on edge.
available to buy
Máquinas tan potentes como esta aún no están disponibles en el mercado.
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on the market
Machines as powerful as this are not yet on the market.
at that exact moment or place
Cualquier trabajador que infrinja estas normas será despedido en el acto.
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on the spot
Any workers found breaking these rules will be sacked on the spot.
strongly criticized or damaged
Ambos candidatos han sido duramente criticados por sus propuestas de salud.
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under attack
Both candidates have come under attack for their health-care proposals.
having formally promised to tell the truth in a court of law
Mentir bajo juramento es un delito extremadamente grave.
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under oath
Lying under oath is an extremely serious offence.
carefully examined
La industria de las dietas será examinada detenidamente en el programa de esta noche.
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under scrutiny
The diet industry comes under scrutiny in tonight’s programme.
if a place is _______, it is surrounded by soldiers in order to attack those defending it
La ciudad llevaba semanas sitiada y escaseaban los alimentos.
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under siege
The town had been under siege for weeks and food was in short supply.
likely to be harmed or damaged
Una antigua costumbre religiosa está bajo amenaza.
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under threat
An ancient religious custom is under threat.
being kept secret
Lee decidió mantener sus planes en secreto por un tiempo.
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under wraps
Lee decided to keep her plans under wraps for a while.
an attempt or guess that is not likely to be successful but that is worth trying
Es poco probable, pero se lo preguntaré.
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a long shot
It’s a long shot, but I’ll ask her.
at the most modern and advanced point in the development of something
Estos modelos están a la vanguardia del diseño informático.
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at the leading edge
These models are at the leading edge of computer design.
a situation in which no further progress is possible
¿De verdad han llegado las negociaciones comerciales a un callejón sin salida?
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dead end
Have the trade negotiations really come to a dead end?
from the beginning again, not using all the work that you have done before
Tendremos que rehacer todo desde cero.
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from scratch
We’ll have to do the whole thing again from scratch.
to do something for a long time without achieving any results because you always return to the same problem that you cannot solve
Hablamos durante horas, pero no hacíamos más que dar vueltas sin avanzar.
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go round in circles
We talked for hours, but we were just going round in circles.
being planned or prepared in order to happen or be available soon
¿Tienes algún proyecto nuevo en preparación?
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in the pipeline
Have you got any new projects in the pipeline?
doing or thinking the right things
Las cifras muestran que vamos por buen camino.
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on the right track
The figures show we are on the right track.
a difficulty that causes mistakes or prevents progress
Un problema con un proveedor se ha convertido en un gran obstáculo.
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stumbling block
A problem with a supplier has become a major stumbling block.
minor problems that a new company, project, product etc may have in the beginning
Hemos tenido algunos problemas iniciales, pero en general todo va bien.
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teething problems
We've been having a few teething problems, but generally things are going well.
to find new ways of doing things, especially of solving problems
Se anima a los empleados a pensar de forma innovadora y desarrollar soluciones creativas.
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think outside the box
Employees are encouraged to think outside the box and develop creative solutions.
GRAM: ¿Te quedarás en Bairro Alto mientras estés en Lisboa?
(to ask if clear plans have been made)"Will", the present continuous and "going" to are used to talk about future plans and intentions. Depending on the context, there might be slight differences in meaning or emphasis.
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will you stay in Bairro Alto while you're in Lisbon?
GRAM: ¿Te alojas en Bairro Alto mientras estés en Lisboa?
(emphasis on fixed arrangements) "Will", the present continuous and "going" to are used to talk about future plans and intentions. Depending on the context, there might be slight differences in meaning or emphasis.
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Are you staying in Bairro Alto while you're in Lisbon
GRAM: ¿Vas a quedarte en Bairro Alto mientras estés en Lisboa?
(emphasis on intentions) "Will", the present continuous and "going" to are used to talk about future plans and intentions. Depending on the context, there might be slight differences in meaning or emphasis.
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Are you going to stay in Bairro Alto while you're in Lisbon?
GRAM: ¿Te alojarás en Bairro Alto mientras estés en Lisboa?
The future continuous is used to emphasis that a plan or activitu is one of a repeated series of events or part of the normal course of events (as usual)
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Will you be staying in Bairro alto while you're in Lisbon?
GRAM: Podemos pedirle a la especialista que revise los routers mañana porque de todas formas estará arreglando el servidor
The future continuous is used to talk about something in the future we perceibe as inevitable, ot to convey that it is going to happen "anyway"
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We can ask the specialist to check the routers tomorrow because she'll be fixing the server anyway
GRAM: ¿Saldrá usted esta noche? // (¿Vas a salir esta noche?)
The future continuous is used to make polite enquiries about future plans, emphasising that we don't wish to be nosy or influence the decision of the listener. In constrast, going to sounds more direct.
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Will you be going out this evening? (very polite) // (are you going to go out this evening? - pressing decision)
GRAM: Habré gastado todo el presupuesto para el final de la semana
The future perfect simple and continuous can be used to imagine looking back at something from a point in the future. The future perfect simple shows that the action will be completed by a point in the future
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I'll have spent all the budget by the end of the week
GRAM: este verano habré estado asesorando a jóvenes inventores durante veinticinco años.
The future perfect continuous emphasis that it will be in progress up to a point in the future
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This summer I'll have been mentoring young inventors for twenty-five years
GRAM: El accidente ocurrió hace tanto tiempo, la mayoría de la gente lo habrá olvidado.
The future perfect simple can be used to make assumption in the present
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The acccident happened so long ago, most people will have forgotten about it.
GRAM: "Necesitaremos muchas manos para terminar el prototipo, pero nuestro objetivo es (o estamos apuntando a) tenerlo listo este año
Some verbs have future meaning in their present forms(e.g. agree, aim, expect, hope, intend, look, plan, promise, resolve). The present simple refers to a fact; the present continuous, to a process
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We 'll need lots of hands to finish the prototype, but we aim (are aiming) to get it done this year
GRAM: La ministra está a punto de dar una rueda de prensa
Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be+ about to" (to say something is close to happening)
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The minister is about to give a press conference
GRAM: El uso de dispositivos wearables para pagar en tiendas está al borde de la adopción masiva
Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + on the point, verge, brink of" (an idiomatic way to say something is very close to happening)
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Using wearable devices to pay in shops is on the brink of mass adoption
GRAM: es probable que los smartphones de próxima generación de la compañía se lancen este otoño
Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + likely, unlikely to" (to talk about probability)
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The company's next generation smartphones are likely to be released this autumn
GRAM: La próxima ronda de conversaciones se celebrará el lunes
Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + due to" (to talk about something scheduled)
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The next round of talks is due to held on Monday
GRAM: Esta nueva interfaz de usuario está destinada a recibir críticas mixtas de los clientes
Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + bound to" (to say emphatically that something is certain to happen)
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This new user interface is bound to receive mixed reviews from customers
GRAM: Se espera que el tan comentado gadget sea presentado en la conferencia de este año
Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + expected to" (to say something is based on an expectation
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The much talked-about gadget is expected to be unveiled at this year's conference
GRAM: Los números de las encuestas dicen que ella ganará la reelección
Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + set to" (to say something is based on a expectation)
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Poll numbers say she is set to win re-election
GRAM: La semifinal se transmitirá en vivo en todas las principales cadenas de televisión
Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + infinitive" (to talk about future arragements in formal contexts)
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The semi-final is to be broadcast live on all major television networks
GRAM: La pequeña empresa de almacenamiento de datos anunció que será adquirida por una gran multinacional
Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be +to be+ past participle" (passive from of be+to+infinitive)
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The small data storage company announced it is to be taken over by a large multinational
GRAM: Estaba planeando ir a la reunión de Bella, pero en el último minuto cambié de opinión
The future in the past can be used to talk about past plans, especially those taht didn't actually happen
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I was planning to go to Bella's get-together, but at the last minute I had a change of heart
GRAM: No había aceptado la invitación porque Rick y yo íbamos a volar de vacaciones ese mismo fin de semana
The future in the past can be used to talk about past plans, especially those taht didn't actually happen
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I hand't accepted the invitation because Rick and I were set fly off on out holiday that very weekend
GRAM: Decidió saltarse el almuerzo. Habría mucho tiempo para comer más tarde
NB would is rarely used as a future-in-the-past form. Its use is mainly restricted to reported speech and literary narratives
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He decided to skip lunch. There would be plenty of time to eat later
Destaca la difícil situación de los animales en peligro de extinción
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It highlights the plight with the endangered
Hacerlo incomible/intragable
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To render it unpalatable
Queda mucho por hacer en esta casa
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There is a great deal of work to be done on this house
En la rueda de prensa, los periodistas lo pondrían en apuros
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He would be given a hard time by journalists during the press conference
Nadie entendía por qué James no podía mantener un empleo
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Nobody understood why James couldn't hold down a job
Nico no tiene ninguna posibilidad de ganar a su oponente
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Nico doesn't stand a chance of beating his opponent
Como Julia se sentía indispuesta, su jefa le aconsejó que no viniera a trabajar
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Because Julia was feeling under the weather, her manager advised her not to come to work
Cuando llegamos, nos dimos cuenta de que no se parecía en nada a las fotos que habíamos visto en el folleto
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When we arrived, we noticed it bore no resemblance to the pictures that we had seen in the brochure
El personal estuvo a punto de irse, pero sus demandas fueron aceptadas por la dirección
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The staff had been on the verge of walking out when their demands were accepted by the management
discrimination of any kind (aborrecer)
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abhor
anormal
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abnormal
De manera perjudicial
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Detrimentally
Contrapunto
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Counterpoint
Implicaciones a largo plazo
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Long-term implications
Carga de trabajo
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Workload
Todos los detalles y pormenores
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All the ins and outs of it
Estoy seguro de que si sigues estrujándote el cerebro
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I’m sure if you keep racking your brain
Seguro que encontrarás una solución
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You’re bound to find a solution
No lo llevó a cabo
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Didn’t go through with it
No estamos avanzando
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We’re not going anywhere
Perdió el valor / se acobardó
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Lost his nerve
No puede asistir
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Can’t make it
Estaba a punto de anunciarlo
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Was on the verge of announcing
Tienen que dedicar cada vez más recursos al esfuerzo con el tiempo
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They have to pour more and more resources into the effort over time
Las empresas se han topado con un problema desconcertante
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Companies have ended up against a vexing problem
La acumulación de conocimiento puede frenar el progreso
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The accumulation of knowledge can hold back progress
Recientemente, estaba ojeando las páginas de un libro sobre descubrimientos científicos.
ojeando, pasando rápidamente las páginas
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Recently, I was flicking through the pages of a book on scientific discoveries
Mientras lo hacía, me topé con una explicación científica para su descubrimiento
encontrarse con algo inesperadamente
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As I did so, I stumbled forward a scientific explanation for his discovery
Él ideó una solución para las infecciones posparto en su clínica
ideó, propuso, encontró.
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He came up with a solution to postpartum infections in his clinic
El lavado de manos redujo el número de casos de fiebre puerperal, señaló
redujo, disminuyó.
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Handwashing brought down the number of cases of puerperal fever, he noted
Escribió un libro basándose en sus observaciones y resumiendo sus conclusiones
basándose en, utilizando como fuente
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He wrote a book drawing on his observations and outlining his conclusions
Pero no pudo transmitir/explicar la historia de un obstetra húngaro del siglo XIX
transmitir, comunicar, explicar de forma efectiva
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But he was unable to put across the story of a 19th-century Hungarian obstetrician
Como resultado, su teoría encontró/se topó con una feroz resistencia por parte de la comunidad médica.
encontró, se topó con, recibió.
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As a result, his theory met with fierce resistance from the medical community
Sus colegas médicos descartaron la poca esperanza de que su idea alguna vez fuera aceptada
descartar esperanza
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His fellow doctors threw out little hope that his idea would ever receive acceptance
Él mantuvo/sostuvo la sugerencia de que debían desinfectarse las manos
mantuvo, sostuvo, persistió con (una idea o sugerencia
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He held out the suggestion that they should disinfect their hands
Más tarde, la gente aceptaría/cambiaría a su forma de pensar, pero no hasta después de su muerte
aceptar una idea o cambiar de opinión para estar de acuerdo con algo/alguien.
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People would later come round to his way of thinking, but not until after his death
sobrepastoreo
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overgrazing
ganado
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livestock
gotas de lluvia
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raindrops
espiráculo en cetáceo
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blowhole in cetacean
particularmente útil para rastrear
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particularly handy for tracking
categoriza automáticamente
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automatically categorises
excepcionalmente bueno en esto
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exceptionally good at this
endiabladamente difícil de encontrar
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fiendishly difficult to find
facilita demasiado borrar inadvertidamente hilos de correo
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make it far too easy to inadvertently delete email threads
quedé prendado / quedé fascinado
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I was smitten
puedes fácilmente
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you can easily
Pronto me sacó de quicio
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It soon got on my nerves
Pero el gran problema es
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But the big problem is
hace un trabajo pobre
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it does a poor job
También es problemático
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It is also problematic
El móvil es un lugar atroz para manejar el correo
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phone is an atrocious place to deal with email
esta cuestión era inconcebible
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this question was inconceivable
el sector recibió una ganancia inesperada
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the field received an unexpected windfall
Nicaragua inscribió a cientos de niños fallecidos en una escuela recién construida
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Nicaragua enrolled hundreds of dead children into a newly built school
hazaña trascendental en el campo de la lingüística
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momentous feat within the field of linguistics
descifraron pacientemente el idioma
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they patiently decoded the language
curiosidades
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curiosities
una prueba concluyente
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a definitive evidence
GRAM: Ella está en Turquía. Ojalá tenga ropa de abrigo porque en esta época del año hace algo de frío
Will / won't is used to make predictions about the present or future, based on knowledge, experience or expectations
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She is in Turkey. Hopefully she has warm clothes because at this time of year it will be a bit chilly
GRAM: No podemos ir a verlos ahora; seguramente ya se habrán ido
"Will have + past participle" is used to make predictions about the past
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We can't go and see them now, they will have gone out
GRAM: ¿Puedes abrir la puerta?
"Will" is often used to talk about willingness, unwilligness and refusal
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Will you get the door?
GRAM: Tendré que pedirte que tomes asiento y esperes a que te atiendan
"Will" can be used to make instructions or requests sound more polite and less direct
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I'll have to ask you to take a seat and wait to be seen
GRAM: Bueno, si sigues diciéndole eso a la cara...
In spoken English, sentences with extra stress placed on "will" can be used to criticise the way people behave
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Well, if you will keep saying that to his face...
GRAM: ¿Te preparo un sándwich?
"Shall" is used to make offers or suggestions
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Shall I fix you a sandwich?
GRAM: Hablaré del asunto con él a ver si podemos llegar a algún tipo de acuerdo
"Shall" is also used to express determination
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I shall discuss the matter with him and see if we can get some kind of resolution
GRAM: En los próximos meses, la empresa seguirá ampliando su presencia en línea
"Shall" can be used instead of will to talk about future intentions or make predictions, but this is less common
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In the coming months, the firm shall/will continue to grow its online presence
GRAM: El cliente será responsable del mantenimiento del vehículo (en un documento legal)
In formal writing, such as in legal documents, "shall" is often used to refer to obligations or duties
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The customer shall be responsible for the maintenance of the vehicle
GRAM: Buscad y hallaréis; nunca se encontrarán; esto también pasará, etc. (usos literarios/proverbiales de "shall")
"Shall" is still used in a number of fixed expressions and idioms based on old speech patterns
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Seek and ye shall find; never the twain shall meet; this too shall pass, etc.
GRAM: El conductor no me dejó subir porque estaba lleno
We can use "would not" (but not "would") for a refusal on a single occasion in the past
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The driver wouldn't let me on because it was packed
GRAM: Y, ¿te lo puedes creer?, ni siquiera pidió perdón
The informar expression "would you believe (it)" is used to show surprise and annoyance
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And, would you believe, she didn't even say sorry!
cada vez que hacemos una llamada
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each and every time we make a call
satélites espaciales que están en órbita alrededor de la Tierra
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space satellites which are in orbit around the Earth
los satélites GPS llevan relojes sincronizados con una precisión de 1 a 3 milisegundos
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GPS satellites carry clocks synchronised to within 1-3 milliseconds
las redes móviles hacen un uso eficiente de estos relojes
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mobile networks make effective use of these clocks
Un fallo provocaría una infinidad de problemas
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A glitch would give rise to a myriad of problems
Basta con decir
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Suffice to say
Todos estaríamos perdidos, y no solo en un sentido
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we'd all be lost in more ways than one
Lejos de sentirse molesto por el comportamiento escandaloso de los niños...
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Far from being irritated by the children's outrageous behaviour...
Al niño se le dijo claramente que ese comportamiento era inaceptable
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The child was told in no uncertain terms that it was unacceptable
La implementación completa de la política llevará otros dos años
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The full implementation of the policy will take another two years
Bajo ninguna circunstancia debe dejarse este portátil en un coche sin cerrar
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Under no circumstances is this laptop to be left in an unlocked car
Recibió críticas injustas tras la pérdida del cliente más importante
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He came in for unjust criticism after the loss of the key client
La falta de dinero fue un obstáculo para nuestros planes
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Lack of money was a stumbling block to our plans
IDIOM: Es inteligente, igual que su padre/madre; es el vivo retrato de sus padres.
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She’s intelligent, a real chip off the old block.
IDIOM: Estamos dando vueltas sobre lo mismo con este problema.
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We’re going round in circles with this problem.
IDIOM: Se volverá loco si sigue trabajando hasta tan tarde.
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He’ll go round the bend if he keeps working late.
IDIOM: Ganar la lotería es algo muy improbable.
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Winning the lottery is a long shot.
IDIOM: Esa respuesta fue solo un disparo a ciegas.
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That answer was just a shot in the dark

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