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Domanda English Risposta English
POETRY
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The crown of literature is poetry. It is its end and aim. It is the sublimest activity of the human mind. It is the achievement of beauty and delicacy. The writer of prose can only step aside when the poet passes. W. Somerset Maugham
POETRY
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POETRY: any type of literature that employs some principle of METER. Relies on sound and imagery.
POETRY LYRIC
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eclogue  reverdie  ode  hymn  sonnet elegy  haiku  limerick  free verse
POETRY NARRATIVE
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epic poem  mock-epic poem  saga  ballad  lay  fable
POETRY DRAMATIC
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dramatic monologue  soliloquy  character sketch  closet drama
LYRIC POETRY
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originally designed to be sung to music (a lyre)  usually short, of unified mood (e.g., melancholy, pastoral)  employs repetitions, mellifluous syntax  written in the first person (‘I’)  gives vivid images of Nature, rather than constructions
LYRIC POETRY
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 expresses powerful feelings of joy or sorrow, gives space for contemplation, reflection
LYRIC POETRY
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conveys the vision of life as „ as a sequence of intensely felt moments, rather than a structure of interrelated and assessed experiences” (The Routledge Dictionary of Literary Terms)  British poetry tends to be lyrical  kinds of lyric poetry: eclogue,
ECLOGUE
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a short pastoral poem; synonymous with the terms ‘bucolic’ and ‘idyll’ Presents idealized Nature and shepherds as characters E.g., Edmund Spenser The Shepherd’s Calendar
The Shepheardes Calender, series of poems by Edmund Spenser, published in 1579 and considered to mark the beginning of the English Renaissance in literature.
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Following the example of Virgil and others, Spenser began his career with a group of eclogues (short poems usually cast as pastoral dialogues),
in which various characters,
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in the guise of innocent and simple shepherds, discuss life and love, formulating weighty—and often satirical—opinions on questions of the day
The Calender consists of 12 eclogues, one for each month
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employing a variety of metres and including archaic vocabulary Spenser borrowed from earlier poetry (particularly that of Geoffrey Chaucer).
The first and last of the eclogues, each presenting a “complaint” by the shepherd boy Colin Clout (Spenser), frame the remaining 10 rustic dialogues.
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The latter deploy the full complement of pastoral poetic conventions, including the singing contest, the encomium (a panegyric to Elisa [Elizabeth I]), the hymn to Pan, and the dirge.
LYRIC POETRY
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ECLOGUE
REVERDIE
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REVERDIE A short lyric glorifying spring E.g., Cuckoo
ODE
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ODE a lyric poem of some length and elevated style on a serious subject
Pindaric ode
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Pindaric ode=passionate, visionary, complex stanzas; e.g. Ben Jonson Ode to Sir Lucius Cary and Sir Henry Morrison
Horatian ode
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Horatian ode=meditative, colloquial, in a single stanzaic form; e.g., John Keats Ode on a Grecian Urn
Irregular ode
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Irregular ode; e.g. William Wordsworth Ode: Intimations of Immortality
HYMN
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HYMN Greek hymnos: a 'song of praise', honouring gods or heroes In Christian tradition: songs of worship Structurally resemble ballads, simple e.g., William Cowper and John Newton Olney Hymns
SONNET
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SONNET ELEGY 14 lines, in the 9th line contains a volta (a turn, a twist); an elegant form, calling for discipline Deals with courtly love, presents idealized lover
SONNET Kinds:
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Petrarchan: the octave (the first eight lines), with an a-b-b-a a-b-b-a rhyme scheme, and the sestet (the final six lines), rhyming either c-d-e c-d-e or c-d-c c-d-c Spenserian: three quatrains a-b-a-b b-c-b-c-c-d-c-d and a final couplet e-e
Shakespearean: SONNET
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Shakespearean: three quatrains a-b-a-b c-d-c-d e-f-e-f and a final couplet g-g
ELEGY
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ELEGY A poem meditating on the death of an individual or on the fact of mortality in general E.g., Thomas Gray Elegy Written in the Country Churchyard
HAIKU
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HAIKU A type of Japanese poetry that captures the impression of a single object or aspect of nature Consists of 17 syllables, arranged in three lines of five, seven, and five syllables e.g., Bashō’s haiku
e.g., Bashō’s haiku
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The old pond; A frog jumps in — The sound of the water. Translated by R.H. Blyth
FREE VERSE
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Lines of poetry written without a regular meter and usually without rhyme e.g. Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass
When I Read the Book, Walt Whitman
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When I read the book, the biography famous, And is this then (said I) what the author calls a man's life? And so will some one when I am dead and gone write my life? (As if any man really knew aught of my life,
LIMERICK
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A form of light verse consisting of five anapestic lines rhyming a-a-b-b-a E.g., Edward Lear’s limericks
W. H. Auden
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T. S. Eliot is quite at a loss When clubwomen bustle across At literary teas Crying, “What, if you please, Did you mean by The Mill On the Floss?”
NARRATIVE POETRY
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 the oldest type of poetry  tells a story, usually lenghty  undertakes historical, legendary or mythical themes; has a partially informative character
kinds of NARRATIVE POETRY
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Epic mock-epic Saga Ballad Lay Fable
EPIC POETRY
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tells a story (e.g. Homer’s Illiad and Odyssey, Virgil’s Aeneid, Epic of Gilgamesh, Kalevala, Tale of Genji)  features an epic hero: noble-born, leader, warrior, courageous, daring, physically strong
EPIC POETRY
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the characters are subjet to fate, they are parts of a greater scheme  encompasses great scope of events, personages, settings, etc.  strives for objectivity  concentrates on actions, not emotions
EPIC POETRY
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extolls heroic values: strength, prowess, valour in battle  rests on the images of sublimity and grandeur  its voice is simple and authoritative  presents the overview of the society in its historical context
MOCK-EPIC POETRY
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a form that employs the “high style” associated with epic poetry in order to satirize a trivial subject flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries e.g. The Rape of the Lock (Alexander Pope), Baratrachomyomachia
SAGA
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a medieval Scandinavian or Icelandic narrative poem depicting the adventures of legendary figures; e.g. Nibelung Saga Three kinds: family saga, kings’ saga, heroic saga Written in laconic, objective style
SAGA
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Themes: growth of social stability, the role of powerful human emotions
BALLAD
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Originally accompanying dancing; written in short stanzas, in the form of dialogue, a lot of repetitions, refrains Deals with romantic passions, unhappy love affairs, political/military subjects e.g., Robin Hood ballads
LAY
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a short lyric or narrative poem intended to be sung; called also lai; we talk especially about Breton lays usually dealing with matters of history or romantic adventure, which were sung by minstrels; contains supernatural elements
LAY
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usually dealing with matters of history or romantic adventure, which were sung by minstrels; contains supernatural elements (e.g. the land of fairies) e.g., The Lais de Marie de France („Chevrefoil”)
FABLE
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A short narrative in verse in which the action of the characters, usually animals (a beast fable), conveys a moral lesson e.g., de La Fontaine’s fables, Krasicki’s fables
DRAMATIC POETRY
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 written in the form of a dialogue or a monologue, with the speakers clearly marked  places focus on the character development
DRAMATIC POETRY  forms:
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dramatic monologue: / soliloquy:/ character sketch:/ closet drama:
 dramatic monologue: a speech made by the character at the critical moment; implies the presence of the listener; indirectly presents the features of the speaker; focuses on the character; e.g. My Last Duchess, Robert Browning
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soliloquy: no one present to listen to the monologue; the character openly reveals his traits, thoughts, ambitions, etc.; comments on the plot; e.g. To Be or Not To Be, William Shakespeare
character sketch: the poet-observer comments on the character rather than the story; involves the elements of suspense, tension; e.g. General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer
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closet drama: a play designed to be read either silently or in a group, not performed; e.g. Manfred, Lord Byron
“A man of genius can hardly be sociable, for what dialogues could indeed be so intelligent and entertaining as his own monologues?”
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Schopenhauer

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